The stakeholders engaged in a productive exchange after the study findings were presented. The issues discussed included the availability and utilisation of cold storage, the quality of the potato seeds available in Bangladesh and suitability of some of the potato varieties grown for processing and exporting.  The discussion of cold storage brought about further issues such as the under-utilisation (40%) of the cold storage available in some storage spaces, in spite of excessive demand in others. The participants were urged to use an information system to ensure that growers and non-growers interested in using the cold storage facilities get the required information on availability of the facilities.

The workshop was organised by Institute of Informatics and Development (IID) and Development Research Network (DNET), Bangladesh. The workshops were co-chaired by Ananya Raihan, PhD from IID and Harsha De Silva, PhD from LIRNEasia

The presentations made at the workshop are given below.

Harsha De Silva, PhD, Consultant Lead Economist, LIRNEasia
Introduction and background to the study

Khairul Islam, Consultant, DNET
Potato supply chain study findings

Nilusha Kapugama, Research Manager, LIRNEasia
Information requirements and use of ICTs by smallholders

Harsha De Silva, PhD, Consultant Lead Economist, LIRNEasia
Efficient and inclusive agriculture in a smallholder world

The findings brought a lively debate about the prevailing issues in the jute industry such as the quality of the seeds in the market and retting techniques as well the quality of the jute produced. There was also discussion about the use of Information and communication technology such as mobiles to bring about some of the improvements in efficiency. The workshop was organised by Institute of Informatics and Development (IID) and Development Research Network (DNET), Bangladesh. The workshops were co-chaired by Syeed Ahmed from IID and Harsha De Silva from LIRNEasia

The presentations made at the workshop are given below.

Harsha De Silva, PhD, Consultant Lead Economist, LIRNEasia
Introduction and Background to the study

Khairul Islam, Consultant, DNET
Jute supply chain study findings

Nilusha Kapugama, Research Manager, LIRNEasia
Lessons from other supply chain studies

Harsha De Silva, PhD, Consultant Lead Economist, LIRNEasia
Efficient and inclusive agriculture in a smallholder world

LIRNEasia will be conducting a systematic review titled: “The economic impacts of mobile phones”. This work is funded by International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).

Poonam’s life has been transformed since she started using a mobile phone in 2007. It helped her to develop a small business as a beautician. She promotes herself and keeps in touch with her customers through the mobile. Her income – an average of INR 2,000 a month (approx USD 40)

Sangamitra, currently attached to the Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, UK, presented the paper titled, “The Price Sensitivity of Mobile Use Among Low Income Households in Six Countries of Asia”. The paper analysed data from the six country survey, Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid (T@BOP), conducted by LIRNEasia in 2008. Sangamitra first participated at CPRsouth1 as a young scholar. She then engaged with CPRsouth as a paper presenter at CPRsouth3, 4 and 6 where she presented chapters of her PhD thesis relevant to communication policy.

Faheem is currently attached to the Asian University for Women (AUW), Bangladesh as an Assistant Professor of ICT and Computer Science. His paper titled “Telecom Regulatory Environment in Digital Bangladesh: Exploring the Disconnects Between Public Policies/Regulations and Real World Sector Performance”, used data from LIRNEasia’s study on the Telecom Regulatory Environment (TRE), 2010.

LIRNEasia’s study on Broadband Quality of Service Experience (BBQoSE) began in 2007. Since then, more than six rounds of testing has been conducted in over five countries, using the AT-Tester (developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras).

LIRNEasia has used multiple means on conveying the results. These ranged from public forums which provided a platform for interaction between the different stakeholders to responding to public consultations by Telecom Regulatory Agencies to advertising campaigns in the local newspapers.

A more detailed description of the communications strategy used for the project can be viewed in the form of a video HERE

Present day practices in developing countries like Bhutan do not allow for the much needed real-time disease surveillance. The aim of LIRNEasia’s recently concluded Real-Time Biosurveillance Program (RTBP)  action research in India and Sri Lanka proved that mobile phones can bridge the information communication inefficiencies and spatio-temporal statistical data mining tools can rapidly detect heath events, from those received patient case data, in near-real-time. Detected disease events of significance (infectious or life-style diseases) are then relayed to health workers’ mobile phones for interventions.

Nuwan Waidyanatha presented the findings of the RTBP at the event, jointly organized by LIRNEasia and the Bhutan Infocomm and Media Authority. The RTBP evidence showed the effective use of the mobile application and bio-surveillance algorithms to enable early detection of diseases. The presentation was well received; especially by the Secretary of Health, Dr Gado Tshering.
One of the questions posed was whether or not such a system would be cost effective for Bhutan, given its population size. Nuwan explained that the pilots was conducted in the districts of Sivagangai in Tamil Nadu and Kurunegala in Sri Lanka, both those districts have a population equivalent to that of Bhutan. RTBP economic analysis shows that the monthly total cost of owning and operating the RTBP in a population that of the size of Bhutan would be as little as ONE Ngultram (equivalent to USD 0.025) per citizen.

The slides used in the presentation can be downloaded HERE

According to the World Bank, nearly half the labour force in Bhutan is engaged in Agriculture, however as in most South Asia countries, the sector’s contribution to GDP is less than proportional.

LIRNEasia’s research on agriculture has highlighted the importance of access to accurate, timely and actionable information improved the efficiency of the agriculture value chains. The presentation looked at the services available for delivering information to farmers in South Asia. Tradenet, based on an initiative by Govi Gnana Seva or Farmer Knowledge Service, in Sri Lanka, Reuters Market Light (RML) and Iffco Kisan Sanchar Limited (IKSL) in India were some of the services highlighted.

A similar service is available in Bhutan, done as a joint effort by the Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan and SNV. The system uses an Interactive Voice Recording (IVR) system, as a way of counteracting the illiteracy among farmers.   The system provides market price information to subscribers (or farmers) and is currently sourcing prices from three agriculture auction markets in Bhutan. It is hoped that the information on market price would help them get a better price for their produce.

The system implementers hope to expand the number of markets it sources the information from. As mentioned before the system currently only takes prices from the auction markets however, there are a number of agriculture markets scattered around Bhutan where the prices are set through negotiated traders between the buyers and sellers. If the current system is to be successfully expanded, then one of the key challenges would be the sourcing of the prices from the markets with the negotiated trades.

The system was launched in November 2009.

The slides used at the presentation can be downloaded from HERE

The project hopes to do a ranking survey done. This maybe done by the government now as they are now looking to find the 5 best and 5 worst muncipal councils. Sujata then went on to describe some of the literature of knowledge management and practioner networks and communities of practice. Most of the literature is at an enterprise level.

Networks as the  communities of practice (CoP): How does one recognise a CoP? According to the literature, it has a has a domain of share interest (in this case solid waste management), it is made up of practitioners, promotes and safeguards the profession, Seeks information from others, responds to others information, Improve one’s practice using new knowledge, Share good practices, Document good practices, engages in capacity building and joint initiatives. But these are not seen empirically in Sri Lanka and it isnt very common in the developed world either.

Therefore the research looked at self organising systems. The literature speaks of the following conditions; At least one of the components in the system must exhibit auto-catalysis, At least two of the components in the systems must be mutually causal, The system must be open to the environment with respect to the energy and matter [or knowledge and people], The system must operate far from equilibrium conditions

Networks as self organising sustems are governed by power law, characterised by hubs and rich get richer.

A survey was conducted on the 119 local authorities in 3 provices. The question asked was, who did you contact in the last 12 months to seek information you needed to improve your practice. Lcoal authorities are conneted. Most of the information were from peer to peer interactions. The most number of interactions were with the Balangoda local government authority with 31 incoming linkages. Balangoda is also a high performer and contact . Networks are not flat and there are prefereantial attachments. A geography matters.

She concluded that emergent patterns ahve to be looked at before attempting to engineer netowrks. As future work, the project will look at to see the emergent hubs in the next year.

The tutorials included topics such as “Communicating for policy influence” and “supply and demand side research”. The workshop included presentations of LIRNEasia’s mobile 2.0 project as well “ICTs and climate change” and “Political Mobilization in Philippines” from CNM, NUS.

Complete agenda is available HERE

Presentations:

21 June

22 June

• Political Mobilization in Philippines, Cheryl Soriano, CNM/NUS
• ICTs and Climate Change, Catherine Candano, CNM/NUS
• Online citizens in India, Anuradha Rao, CNM/NUS
• The alternate narrative: Emerging Asia’s path to the “Internet Economy” through  Mobile 2.0Rohan Samarajiva, LIRNEasia
• m-Gov (ZMF, India), Rohan Samarajiva
• Mobile based financial services (Experiences from the South), Nilusha Kapugama, LIRNEasia
• m-Early Warning, Rohan Samarajiva
• m-Commerce (Cellbazaar, Bangladesh) Sriganesh Lokanathan, LIRNEasia
• Mobile 2.0 for Agricultural VAS Sriganesh Lokanathan
• ICT Localization Rachel Amtzis, CNM/NUS
• Youth, ICTs and Political Engagement in Asia: A six-country comparative study Weiyu Zhang (CNM/NUS)

Data was collected from Jan – Apr 2009.

Profile of Afghanistan. 25 Mn Population. Land locked country.

MoU per year 399 incoming, 414 outgoing. Due to high prices.

Most investment from FDI. 55Mn comes from local sources additional 40 mn came from Afghan telecom. 6 year CAGR stands at around 131%.

2 regulatory bodies work on the telecom sector, the ministry of commincation and Information technology andtheAfghanistan Telecom Regulatory Authority.

Telecom act only introduced in 2005. ATRA started in 2006 asindependent regulator. Operators preceded the regulator in 2003.

1 fixed operator. Unified licensing therefore can go into any form of technology.

4 Mobile Operators
Roshan – 2003
AWCC – 2003
MTN – 2005
Etisalat – 2006

4-5 small operators for rural areas – Local Fixed Service Providers (LFSP). Only 2 were functioning quite well. They are local monopolies? Yes. Mobiles have the option of going to these areas but they havent.

How are the LFSP selected? Some through biding process but some through beauty contests. Operates on CDMA technology. Monopoly in practice but its not meant to be monopolies. burden is on Afghan telecom to provide them interconnection.

Many ISPs almost 100 licenses were issued, but only about 19 are operational.

Mobile SIMS/ 100 in 2008: 30.72

Access to fixed lines/ 100 in 2008 : 0.18

Penetration mostly in the main cities

TRE figures: Only the numbers for mobile will be presented

Sample size around 12. Reflect a micro state numbers.

Market entry: very hgh figures, 4.4. Low variance.
Policy is to encourage private sector. Low barriers to entry. No issues with network rollout or rights of way (eg. placement of base stations). No infrastructure sharing, but regulator wants to start it out.
Only the fixed operator has a unified licence all mobile operators operate on GSMA.

Allocation of scarce resources: 3.5 High variance of 0.93 suggest different viewpoints with respect to spectrum.
MTN & Etisalat given less spectrum than previous two operators. 4Mhz in 900 band versus 8 Mhz in 900 band for Roshan & AWCC. Additional spectrum was to be requested based on subscriber numbers
Issues with frequency interference and resolving inferance issues takes about 4-5 months after approaching the regulator.
Lack of Frequency Allocation Table till 2005.
No issues with numbering. ATRA established number plan with provision for atleast 5 more operators. No one seemed to have a problem with it.

Interconnection: 4.0. Low variance of score 0.22
Interconnection is Mandatory for all license holders and must be given at technically feasible location. ATRA determines interconnection rate. Telecom Act doesn’t specify method but ATRA uses BULRIC method
Rates:
Until January 2007: USD 0.05 / minute
January 2007 – December 2008: USD 0.029/ minute
January 2009 onwards: USD 0.026/ minute
ATRA mentions rates as high due to fuel & security for towers outside of Kabul. Technically if one is using BULRIC’s (Bottom-up) it should be low. Its the most efficient.
No disputes b/w fixed and mobile operators with respect to interconnection. Fixed and mobile termination rates are the same.
However some disputes b/w LFSP providers and Afghan Telecom about the rates. Burden is on Afghan telecom to ensure interconnection.
Access to international backbone? There is no backbone they can rely on locally. Internationally they were building a Optic fibre ring network connected to Iran, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and maybe India. Funding came from World Bank and some money came from Afghan Telecom. Afghan telecom was supposed to manage it. Not sure if its up and running.

Ranmalee Gamage: Afghan IDD rates came down in Sept 09. All operator can carry their international traffic in and out.
Incoming international is 23 mins, while out going in 12 mins.

Regulation of anti competitive rules: 2.4
Telecom Act covers: Issues related to competitive process, Determination of SMP (SMP is 40% of market share determined), Abuse of SMP status issues, Guidelines dealing with anti-competitive practices
However it hasn’t translated into specific rules & regulations, which means regulatory regime is arbitrary and unpredictable
Complaints have been about clarity of rules. The rule for SMP: operator with atleast 40% of gross revenue from a specific market. But no-one meets that definition right now.
Two operators are engaged in preatory pricing but no one has complained Mainly because they are small players

Universal Service Obligation: 2.3. Lowest score.
About USD 26-40 mn (different sources) available disbursement by 2008.
Universal service charge of 2.5% of net revenues on all operators since 2003
Universal Access Policy (UAP) as well as Manual of operating procedures for utilization of the Telecom Development Fund (TDF) came out only in late 2008. Low TRE score reflective of past confusion (probably):. Pressure to expand from regulator without any help earlier
Perception of lack of capacity at the Universal Access Department (UAD) to administer the UAP

Tariff Regulation: 2.7. High variance of the score.
Difficult to explain the low score. Results not reflective of ground realities
Just cause mobile tariffs are high compared to the region doesn’t answer the reason for the low score
Prior approval of tariffs required for SMP, but there is no SMP. All other required to file tariffs
In principle ATRA can regulate, but so far no record of it intervening
Some predatory pricing but only by small operators

Quality of Service: 2.5. Low variance of 0.45 suggests most find the regulatory environment with respect to QoS as being poor
No benchmarks or rules have been established by ATRA and was only being addressed from late 2008 onwards
Poor perception of regulator’s capacity on QoS
Network congestion is an issue

Policy recommendations for the Afghan Telecom Sector.
Regulatory Capacity: Poor perception of the regulator’s capabilities especially in monitoring and enforcement of rules. This translates into: Lack of clarity on procedures, Some level of arbitrariness on decisions, Lack of comprehensive competition legislation, More important as the sector matures.
Issues related to “forced” utilization of new countrywide optic cable for backhaul traffic by all operators but managed by Afghan telecom
Capacity building for ATRA is necessary as they lack the knowledge and the know how in terms of technical and economic regulation.
More clarity on USO
Lack of clarity of QoS parameters. Benchmarks were only recently established, but still not enough. Fines are arbitrary

75% of passenger transport is via public transport and of that 93% by bus and 7% by train. Roughly 5500 SLCTB and 18000 private buses. The fare is regulated by National Transport Commission (NTC). They also have timetables which are n0t implemented.

Shortest distance (~2KM) LKR 6:00.

Longest distance 260 KM – LKR 655.00.

Most of the BOP uses bus transport. 36% of the BOP use mobile and fixed phones.

SLTB buses use both ticket books and manual ticket machines to issue tickets to commuters

Private buses primarily use digital ticketing machines that prints out tickets. Can store data, process memory. Can even tell you how may people have to get off at the next bus stop.  The one in use now is also lighter in weight.

These are mainly used in the Western Province and on a few inter provincial buses.  Manual ticket machines are used in other areas.

Issues with the current ticketting system:

Money lost in Transit. Bus conductors and Drivers take the money, or tickets are not issued, or passengers do not buy the tickets. CTB estimates a 15% loss of revenue and private bus owners 25%.

Chanuka: How is the estimates done?

RS: through Load share.

HdS: Bus owners want to reduce leakage.  They wold like to issue a e-bus tickets. So the solution is either a card system or a mobile. So from the suply side there is a need but what about the demand side?

A  simple survey was done at the Fort railway station. Not a Sample survey but to get an idea. 2/3: 1/3 male: female. There maybe selection bias as it is a starting point.

What is the real cost of a ticket? Do the passengers receive the balance after getting a ticket? only 5% said that they always get there balance. Most people carry exact change. And only 50% of the people receive a bus ticket. Ticket checkers are used both in public and private sector. Some private companies have their own people to check for tickets.

So because of these issues, there is a need.

Possible benefits of e-tickets:

For Bus operators

• reduce leakage
• Offer loyalty plans etc.

For Commuters

• Cost only actual fare
• Can better schedule travel; save on transport expenditure

State [local government]

• Tax collection
• Target subsidies

What are the options?

Contactless smart cards: Oyster, ez link. Delhi is running a pilot, minimum reload INR 25.

Mobile phones: either through SMS or Near field Communication (NFC) merging mobile phones with a contactless smart card (Innovation).

NFC mobile phones: Nokia introduced the first in 2005 (3220). Break through innovation is instead of a NFC  phone, what about an NFC SIM. China Telecom has come p with a NON NFC standard RF SIM.  Nokia 6216: First NFC standard SIM compatible. Operator can load application.

Japan is leader with NTT DoComo Osaifu-Keitai e-wallet phones. Spain, Netherlands, France and Germany, mobile bus and rail ticket system are being piloted.  China has started.  UK to start by 2015 and fully switch to NFC by 2020.

The Nirmali went on to describe the mobile money deployments worldwide which includes prepaid tops, peer to peer money transfers and bill and retail payments. 20% of 1.5 bn with mobiles but wthout bank accounts will use mobile money by2012 according to Economist 2009.

In Africa, M-PESA is the most prevelavent. Others too exist. In Asia, all of the countries in the study have m-payment in use.

This paper focuses on peer to peer to transfers, in this case m-remittances.  Advantages of m-remittances: For uses;

• Alternative method for “unbanked” population
• Easier, quicker and cheaper: Lower commissions, transport & related transaction costs , Resultant increase in income (up to 30% in Kenya; CGAP, 2009)

For operators;

• Increases customer base & reduces churn
• Social & economic benefits leading to brand-building

For policy makers;

• Potential reduced demand for informal money transfer methods

Nirmali mentioned that there might a reduction in illegal activity such as money laundering.

Nirmali then went onto describe the sample and how the survey was conducted. Both external and internal migrants were surveyed to find out about the usage of mobile money transfers. Usage was quite low, but awareness was high.

A logit model was constructed with awareness as the explanatory variable. The variables, income, education, mobile ownership and owning of a bank account were the significant variables at a 99% confidence interval.

Therefore these seems to be the factors having  a effect on awareness.

Of external migrants, barriers to uptake were that they didnt know how to use it or that they were happy with their present mode of transfer.

The identified  implications of the study are:

for operators:

• Effective marketing targeting BOP needed to: Raise awareness (Teach them through advertising), Counteract  perceptions re security of transactions & ease of use
• Provision of related m-remittances services: Diversification of resources and Retention of customer base & market share

Recommendations for the policy makers are to be drawn up keeping with the countries and the institutions targeted. Policy brief to be done accordingly.

The colloquium began by Nalaka explaining the big picture; Climate change and energy use.  Global warming is not new but the rate of global warming is. There is a multiplicity of gases causing global warming and their sources.

Looking at the Green House Gas (GHG) mix, Carbon Dioxide is dominant. Made source is fossil fuel use. The ‘F’ gases such as CFC are the man made – now getting phased out.  There is an expansion in the volume of Green house gases.

Nalaka explaied that all GHG are not equal. Methene is much worse than Carbon Dioxide, but Carbon di Oxide has a much worse reputation

Looking at the sources of GHG, there is a variation depend on the organiation which the data is obtained from. A question was raised about the impact of forestry on GHG emmisions, Nalaka explained that deforestation is the main contributor. Electricity and heat or energy supply are the biggest source with forestry a close second.

Nalaka then went on to talk about the Stern Report (UK govt, 2006) which said  ’Climate change is the greatest market failure the world has ever seen…’ He higlighted the lack of referece to ICT in the report. The only direct reference was to household appliances. Green ICTs have received more attention since then. The Stern report has never been challenged on its premise or analysis as far as Nalaka was aware.  ICT and Aviation has roughly the same level of emmision, however aviation gets much more flack. ICT sector directly contribute 2.5% of total GHG emisions according to the Mckinsey report to the UN in 2007.

The adaptability of the IT and Telecom sector to consumer demands, as such the sector should be able to respond better to the problem of GHG emmision than other industries.

Next, Nalaka moved on to how the ICT sector ‘green’ itself beyond simple CSR/PR gestures? An ITU report elaborated on why the GHG from the ICT industry has been rising. Among the reasons  were Proliferation of user devicesUsers owning more devices, Devices today consume more energy and More processing needs more cooling. Nalaka then explained thaat some of the new technology such as sHD televisions draw more power than the traditional units. The stand by power or vampire enrgy too contributes significantly to energy consumption. standby power cost 8% of entire British domestic power consumption (UK Energy Rev, 2006)

Some of the suggestions given by Bill Melody were Improving sector’s own carbon footprint, ICT applications improving efficiency of other sectors, esp. infrastructure.Third order implications from widespread applications of green ICT that change institutions & behaviour patterns.

In taking the first point, with IT and telecom sectors, we can look at both Macro/industry level savings and then micro/consumer level savings.

In taking the Telecom sector, the opportunity lies in telecom migrating to Next Gen Networks (NGN) as Less switching centres needed, More tolerant climatic range specs (less need for air conditioning) and New standards (VDSL2) allow 3 power modes: full, low, sleep

Are savings being offset? Some of the questions are how energy-conscious are services & applications riding on NGNs? Rapid growth of web-based services driving up power demand & CO2 emissions

Rising power use by server farms supporting PC and mobile web use: Hidden green costs of Google apps? Does a web search kill a tree?

The ETNO report highlights the need for Srategic approach and also the need for scaling. The plan to reduce GHG will only work if the operators and players make a commitment.

What are the cost benefit ratios? What is the effect of ITC on the Transport? The other is the concept is cloud computing. Finding from 3rd annual survey by Rackspace, Pub Sep 2009 (150 IT managers worldwide) http://tiny.cc/GreenCloud says that there is no tangible drop.

What are the other low hanging fruits? Also which of the technology that can be passed without bing stuck in political bickering and policy paralysis? An example is the Copenhagen summit. In copenhegen no one wanted to be the first to make changes.

The other level is where ICTs and Telecom help other sectors go green? One OCED analysis says that creative use of ICTs can reduce electricity consupltion/GHG emmisions by 15%. THere is also the process (experimetal) of carbon capture. Norway is at the moment building carbon traps.

What are the cost benefit ratios? What is the effect of ITC on the Transport? The other is the concept is cloud computing. Finding from 3rd annual survey by Rackspace, Pub Sep 2009 (150 IT managers worldwide) http://tiny.cc/GreenCloud says that there is no tangible drop.

The Transmission and distribution loss is about 18% in Sri Lanka,  Delhi can be as high as 40%. A certain level is unavoidable. US is abut 7%, theoretically SL can go lower as the systemis much more compact. Most of the loss is that the generation and end use is not prperly coordinated. This is the Smart rid arguemtn. We also have to be awre of the re-bound. The relationaship is not linear. There is a need for better measuremnent.

Big Challenges: Growing human numbers, Rising middle classes through globalization and Global warming.

What is to be done? Look for a ‘handle’ on Climate/ET/IT, Ignore corporate spin, media hype, Search for strategic ‘entry points’, Study trends & patterns, Demystify industry data, find policy implications, Look for improvements that are: significant, affordable & less politically contentious Measurable & scalable

We also will require regular tracking, simple industry wide chnges and find Ways to crowd-source for monitoring and innovation.

ICTs have the ability to make under the radar changes unlike the avation industry.

Finally; “Telcos are punching below their weight in the climate change arena – they can be part of the solution than part of the problem. They will find it hard to avoid being victims of climate change, but they can reduce their role as villains; and they might even turn out to be heroes.” –  Stephen Young, Ovum Consulting http://www.ovum.com/go/content/c,67759 and “We need both IT and ET, flat and green, working together. Because only then can everyone and everything be both distributed and connected. If we can get that, the world will have a new operating system!” – K R Sridhar, CEO, Bloom Energy

Sujata Gamage: A starting point maybe to start with Melody’s levels and form a picture with the sectors metioned at te begining.

Rohan SAmarajiva: A clear starting poitn is the improvement of the individual sectors’ carbon foot print.

Healni Galpaya: Carbon trading seems to be failing, but there is an economic incentive(s) to switch to more green technology in the telecom sectors in developing countries that adopt the budget telecom model.

Nalaka: The cost of nergy sources such as solar power are falling.

Helani, Rohan: There is no taxes etc involved in the installation on solar panels. There is a need to work wtih the industry to learn more about this.

Rohan: Transport/ICT trade off? Improvements in Efficiency does not mean green solutions.

Shazna: Maybe we can look at the Telecom sector in terms of research:

Nalaka: That maybe a sarting point. No multi country studies have been done.