Policy Tracker, a Spectrum Management research and training outfit, has referred to a report of SBR Juconomy Consulting, which has studied 15 benchmark countries and detected some significant variations in the policy approaches for spectrum pricing among them. The countries this study has covered are: Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, USA, Canada, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Jordan. Jörg Kittl, a co-author of the study, told Policy Tracker most countries defined the optimal and efficient usage of spectrum as the primary goal, but some emphasized other aspects such as economic and social benefits, competition or public interest. Western countries focus on maximising the optimal use of spectrum. Others, for example in Africa, the Middle East or parts of Asia, have different approaches, including maximising the value of spectrum and income for the government.