This report on data governance in Indonesia is part of the “Harnessing Data for Democratic Development in South and Southeast Asia” (D4DAsia) project, which aims, inter alia, to create and mobilize new knowledge about the tensions, gaps, and evolution of the data governance ecosystem, taking into account both formal and informal policies and practices. Indonesia’s data governance system has developed significantly over the past two decades, evolving from fragmented initiatives across ministries into a more coordinated national framework that emphasizes transparency, interoperability, and digital transformation. The foundation lies in the 1945 Constitution, which guarantees citizens the right to obtain information and the protection of personal data. These constitutional principles have been operationalized through a series of laws and regulations introduced since the Reformasi era following 1998. This study examines how the overall governance environment shapes Indonesia’s approach to data openness, privacy, and access, balancing constitutional guarantees, executive authority, judicial oversight, and sectoral regulation in the broader quest to develop a trusted, rights-based, and innovation-friendly data ecosystem. 
This report on data governance in Indonesia is part of the “Harnessing Data for Democratic Development in South and Southeast Asia” (D4DAsia) project, which aims, inter alia, to create and mobilize new knowledge about the tensions, gaps, and evolution of the data governance ecosystem, taking into account both formal and informal policies and practices. Indonesia’s data governance system has developed significantly over the past two decades, evolving from fragmented initiatives across ministries into a more coordinated national framework that emphasizes transparency, interoperability, and digital transformation. The foundation lies in the 1945 Constitution, which guarantees citizens the right to obtain information and the protection of personal data. These constitutional principles have been operationalized through a series of laws and regulations introduced since the Reformasi era following 1998. This study examines how the overall governance environment shapes Indonesia’s approach to data openness, privacy, and access, balancing constitutional guarantees, executive authority, judicial oversight, and sectoral regulation in the broader quest to develop a trusted, rights-based, and innovation-friendly data ecosystem. 
LIRNEasia is seeking experienced qualitative researchers to collaborate on a new study examining information exposure, belief, and sharing behaviors among Sri Lankan diaspora communities in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Italy. This research builds on LIRNEasia’s ongoing work on information disorder, including nationally representative surveys and experimental studies in Sri Lanka. The diaspora study extends this evidence base to explore how transnational ties, trust, and identity influence how Sri Lankans abroad encounter and respond to misinformation. We are looking for researchers or moderators who can: Lead participant recruitment across diverse Sri Lankan diaspora communities (Sinhala, Sri Lankan Tamil, Indian-Origin Tamil, and Moor). Conduct Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) in participants’ preferred language (Sinhala, Tamil, or English). 
LIRNEasia’s Senior Research Manager, Gayani Hurulle, participated in the Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on ‘Eradicating Poverty, Empowering People,’ organized by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP), which took place from 23–25 September 2025. The objective of the EGM was to identify and discuss approaches and good practices for inclusive social development policies aimed at eradicating poverty across Asia and the Pacific. Insights and recommendations from the discussions will contribute to the development of ESCAP’s flagship publication, ‘Social Outlook for Asia and the Pacific: Eradicating Poverty, Empowering People’ in 2026. The meeting brought together a diverse group of experts from academia, think tanks, research institutions, UN system entities, and national governments across the region. It provided a valuable platform for knowledge exchange, collaboration, and shaping the future policy agenda on poverty eradication. 
LIRNEasia is inviting proposals from qualified firms and organizations to develop an interactive voter education game and educational tool aimed at enhancing civic participation among youth, first-time voters, and seasoned voters. These are expected to provide an engaging, interactive platform to learn about electoral processes and build resilience against election-related misinformation. Further details are available in the full RFP. The full RFP can be accessed here. Proposals must be submitted to LIRNEasia by 12:00 PM IST on 3rd November 2025. 
Reflections on a panel discussion concerning AI and information disorder Across the globe, digital media platforms have exacerbated the intentional and unintentional spread of misinformation. Misinformation, which can be spread both intentionally and unintentionally, has contributed to increased polarization, hateful rhetoric and the deterioration of democratic systems. The development of AI systems may exacerbate these issues, while also creating opportunities to combat the problem. Seasoned voices from the South Asian and African disinformation landscape came together for a panel discussion, held in Colombo, organized by LIRNEasia, titled “Use of AI to Counter the Information Disorder” on July 3, 2025, united by a single question: Can AI assist in solving the very problems it creates? The session, moderated by Merl Chandana (Research Manager and Team Lead of Data, Algorithms, and Policy), focused on the intersection of AI and information integrity in the context of misinformation, especially during elections. 
2025 සැප්තැම්බර් 28 වන දින “ඔන්ලයින් ආරක්ෂණ පනතට (Online Safety Act) කළ යුත්තේ කුමක්ද?” යන තේමාව යටතේ පැවති කතිකාවකදී, ලර්න්ඒෂියා ආයතනයේ කනිෂ්ඨ පර්යේෂක නීතිඥ සචිනි රණසිංහ ඔන්ලයින් ආරක්ෂණ පනතේ දුර්වලතා පිළිබඳව අදහස් පළ කළාය. පනතේ ප්රධාන දුර්වලතා ලෙස ඇය පෙන්වා දුන්නේ මෙම පනතට අයත් වැරදි අපැහැදිලි, පුළුල් සහ අවිනිශ්චිත ලෙස නිර්වචනය කර ඇති බවත්, රටේ දැනට පවතින දණ්ඩ නීති මගින් මෙම පනත යටතේ ඇති සමහරක් වැරදි දැනටමත් ආවරණය වන බවත් ය. මෙම කතිකාව සාධාරණ සමාජයක් සඳහා වන ජාතික ව්යාපාරය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද අතර ලර්න්ඒෂියා ආයතනයේ සභාපති මහාචාර්ය රොහාන් සමරජීව මහතා විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී. ඇයගේ කරුණු පැහැදිලි කිරීම සම්පූර්ණයෙන් නරඹන්න. 
In August 2025, the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice and National Integration issued a public notice calling on all stakeholders to submit observations, comments, recommendations, and suggestions on amending the Online Safety Act, No. 09 of 2024, and the proposed amendments gazetted on July 31, 2024. In response, LIRNEasia submitted following comments, drafted by Professor Rohan Samarajiva, Founder and Chair of LIRNEasia. The comments emphasize that the framers of the Act had failed to grasp the unique and novel characteristics of social media, particularly in relation to the viral dissemination of content, limitations on freedom of expression, the vagueness of several offences defined under the Act, and the importance of aligning with existing laws where possible. 
On September 13th, over 300 business professionals gathered in Ratnapura for the 5th Business and Investment Summit, hosted by Lanka Business TV. The keynote address was delivered by Professor Rohan Samarajiva, Chair of LIRNEasia, who explored the theme “Digitalization: What’s in it for Business.” His presentation offered a compelling look at how digital transformation can reshape business environments, drawing on both global benchmarks and Sri Lanka’s own progress. Professor Samarajiva’s presentation looked at Estonia’s model of digital governance and then turned to Sri Lanka’s evolving digital landscape. He highlighted platforms like GovPay, which enable mobile payments for traffic fines and government services. 
The Forum on Data Governance in the Philippines was held on Friday, September 12, 2025, at Serenade II, Westin Manila. The event highlighted how data can drive development and serve as an effective policy-making instrument for advancing democratic and inclusive governance in the Philippines. The forum was organized by LIRNEasia in collaboration with Disini Law (Philippines) and Digital Freedom Network (Philippines), with funding support from the International Development Research Centre (a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada). It brought together experts from government agencies, academia, and the private sector to share perspectives and experiences on data policymaking and governance frameworks. Discussions centered on two recent publications under the Data for Democratic Development in South and Southeast Asia initiative: the Philippines Country Report and the Regional Synthesis Report. 
This report is part of the “Harnessing Data for Democratic Development in South and Southeast Asia” (D4DAsia) initiative, which critically examines how data governance is evolving across the region, including both formal frameworks and informal norms. In the Philippines, the absence of a comprehensively organized legal or policy framework has resulted in a patchwork of approaches shaped by sector-specific laws, presidential directives, and administrative regulations. In recent decades, policies have emerged in response to growing data use, such as updates to intellectual property laws aligned with international practices and the enactment of personal data protection legislation addressing cross-border data processing. Despite recent developments, the Philippines still lacks a unified data governance framework. The only broad measure is the 2016 presidential ordinance on public access to government data. 
LIRNEasia began in 2004 as a small telecom policy think tank with five staff members, primarily focused on the economics of regulation within the sector. Over time, our work naturally expanded to explore how digital technology and information can improve lives across Asia, from understanding human behavior and economic sectors through large datasets and algorithms to shaping policies that enable inclusive growth. In recent years, our focus has broadened to global governance, examining how data, platforms, and algorithms should be governed in a world where users, producers, and networks operate across borders. The past four years have been especially challenging. The COVID-19 pandemic and Sri Lanka’s economic crisis forced us to work entirely from home, reduce office space, and cut expenses, while some younger staff sought opportunities abroad. 
The Forum on Data Governance in Thailand, held on Tuesday, August 5, 2025, at the Sigma Room (6th floor), Pullman King Power Bangkok, brought together experts from government agencies, academia, and private organizations to exchange their knowledge, perspectives, and experiences on data policymaking and the design of data governance systems in Thailand. The forum was hosted by LIRNEasia (an independent think tank working across the Asia Pacific), in collaboration with the Department of International Studies at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Republic of Korea), Privacy Thailand, and the Institute of Public Policy Studies (IPPS), Thailand. Funding support was provided by the International Development Research Centre (a Crown Corporation of the Government of Canada). The Forum explored the inherent tensions that arise in governing data in light of competing interests and policy objectives – that of collecting, storing, using and sharing data to support development and growth objectives, and of protecting privacy and other human rights that are vital but can be violated through the release of data. LIRNEasia and affiliated researchers explored such tensions as well as the practical ways these tensions are resolved across seven countries – Thailand, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and the Philippines. 
LIRNEasia’s Senior Research Manager, Gayani Hurulle, was invited to conduct a session on Leveraging Digitalization for Inclusive Growth at a regional workshop on Best Practices for Accelerated Pro-Poor and Inclusive Growth Initiatives, held from 24 to 26 June 2025 in Bangkok, Thailand. The event was jointly organized by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the BIMSTEC Secretariat, and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). The workshop brought together government officials and experts from BIMSTEC Member States: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, along with representatives from ASEAN countries, think tanks, and development organizations. The goal was to share knowledge and experiences on strategies that have successfully addressed poverty and supported inclusive economic growth. In her session, Gayani shared insights from LIRNEasia’s nationally representative surveys conducted in 2017/2018 (After Access) and 2021, to highlight gaps in access and usage, and insights from two case studies on social protection and labour. 
This report is part of the “Harnessing Data for Democratic Development in South and Southeast Asia” (D4DAsia) initiative. The project seeks to critically examine how data governance is evolving across the region, with attention to both formal frameworks and informal norms. In the case of Thailand, this means analysing how state, corporate, and civil society actors shape the production, access, and use of data in ways that either enable or constrain democratic values. Thailand stands at a pivotal moment in its digital transformation journey, where the governance of data is increasingly central to questions of rights, development, and democratic accountability. As data becomes ever more embedded in public services, commerce, and civic life, the structures that govern its use, such as laws, policies, practices and technologies, have profound implications for inclusive and equitable development. 
This report is part of the Data for Development project which aims, inter alia, to create and mobilize new knowledge about tensions, gaps, and the evolution of the data governance ecosystem taking into account formal and informal policies and practices. This regional synthesis report explores the intricate web of data governance systems and their potential to contribute to more democratic and inclusive societies. It examines the tensions that arise between various data-related policies, such as personal data protection, competition law, open data initiatives, cybersecurity measures, and AI and innovation strategies. While developed countries may have mechanisms to address these conflicts, many nations in South and Southeast Asia face significant hurdles in creating and implementing effective data governance frameworks. The report seeks to uncover the unique challenges faced by countries in the region, including opaque policy-making processes, limited stakeholder participation, and policies that may not always align with local contexts or implementation capacities. 
On July 22, LIRNEasia, in collaboration with the United States–Sri Lanka Fulbright Commission, hosted a thought-provoking Roundtable Dialogue on the Ethics of Explainable AI at its premises. The session featured Dr. Robert T. Pennock, University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University, who is affiliated with Lyman Briggs College, the Departments of Philosophy and the Departments of Computer Science & Engineering, and the Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior program. With a PhD in the History and Philosophy of Science, Dr.